Atomic-scale computer simulation has been used to study the thermally activated atomic transport of self-interstitial atoms in the form of planar clusters in pure Cu and f -Fe. There is strong evidence that such clusters are commonly formed in metals during irradiation with high-energy particles and play an important role in accumulation and spatial distribution of surviving defects. An extensive study of the mobility of SIA clusters containing two to 331 interstitials has been carried out using the molecular dynamics simulation (...) technique for the temperature range from 180 to 1200 K. The results obtained show that clusters larger than three to four SIAs are one-dimensionally mobile in both Cu and Fe. Large clusters of more than 100 SIAs in Cu and 300 SIAs in Fe have significantly reduced mobility. The problem of describing one-dimensional motion in three-dimensional space is discussed. An attempt is made to describe the mobility of SIA clusters within the approximation of 1D diffusion. For clusters in both metals the effective migration energy of 1D diffusion as estimated via the jump frequency of the cluster centre of mass is found to be independent of the number of SIAs in the clusters, although the cluster jump frequency decreases with increasing cluster size. Mechanisms of 1D mobility of interstitial clusters are discussed. (shrink)

Chinese research on the philosophy of science and technology in Russia (and the Soviet Union) has gone through three stages: 1) “taking the Soviet Union as its teacher”; 2) “viewing the Soviet Union as an enemy”; 3) “using Russia as a reference”. After the collapse of the USSR, research fell silent for a while, but in recent years there has been a trend towards their revival. In the 1960s, a group of reform-minded philosophers proposed a very instructive interpretation of the (...) philosophy of science centered on epistemological centrism. At the beginning of the 21st century, new development trends appeared in Russian philosophy of science and technology, such as pluralism, the theory of sociocultural context and humanism, while a philosophical paradigm of science and technology with Russian specifics was formed, especially the turn in technological philosophy. In China, Russian-Soviet philosophical research of science and technology developed over decades, resulting in the formation of three generations of academic leaders in the person of Gong Yuzhi, Sun Mutyan and Wan Changsun. The main result of their work was a trilogy of works, which is based on “Traces of History”, “Mind in Search” and “Search at a Fork in the Road”. The trilogy shows how the philosophy of science and technology in Russia completed the role change under the guidance of Marxist philosophy and gradually moved to the research path of combining internationalization and localization, while facing the need to solve the problem of marginalization of disciplines and theoretical innovations. (shrink)

From the earliest times, the very existence of Soviet power to combat religion and tirades, along with methods of economic and ideological pressure, actively using legal factors, is a rather strict system. Following the massive unveiling of solidarity and white army officials who were unable to leave the peninsula in November 1920, they began to form in the Crimea various branches of government, including their judicial system, which was published in a new regime of elements of legitimacy. However, the legal (...) system created on the peninsula was annexed to a radical political system, so when there were various problems, they were members of principles of political expediency, not morality and rights. (shrink)

We examine the influence of inferring interlocutors' referential intentions from their body movements at the early stage of lexical acquisition. By testing human participants and comparing their performances in different learning conditions, we find that those embodied intentions facilitate both word discovery and word‐meaning association. In light of empirical findings, the main part of this article presents a computational model that can identify the sound patterns of individual words from continuous speech, using nonlinguistic contextual information, and employ body movements as (...) deictic references to discover word‐meaning associations. To our knowledge, this work is the first model of word learning that not only learns lexical items from raw multisensory signals to closely resemble infant language development from natural environments, but also explores the computational role of social cognitive skills in lexical acquisition. (shrink)

Although psycho-/neuro-linguistics has assumed a distinction between morphological and syntactic structure building as in traditional theoretical linguistics, this distinction has been increasingly challenged by theoretical linguists in recent years. Opposing a sharp, lexicalist distinction between morphology and syntax, non-lexicalist theories propose common morpho-syntactic structure-building operations that cut across the realms of “morphology” and “syntax,” which are considered distinct territories in lexicalist theories. Taking advantage of two pairs of contrasts in Mandarin Chinese with desirable linguistic properties, namely, compound versus simplex nouns (...) (the “morphology” contrast, differing in morphological structure complexity per lexicalist theories) and separable versus inseparable verbs (the “syntax” contrast, differing in syntactic structure complexity per lexicalist theories), we report one of the first pieces of evidence for shared neural responses for morphological and syntactic structure complexity in language comprehension, supporting a non-lexicalist view where shared neural computations are employed across morpho-syntactic structure building. Specifically, we observed that the two contrasts both modulated neural responses in left anterior and centro-parietal electrodes in an a priori 275:400 ms time window, corroborated by topographical similarity analyses. These results serve as preliminary yet prima facie evidence toward shared neural computations across morphological and syntactic structure building in language comprehension. (shrink)

Introduction. In fact, any ideological or methodological construction represents a certain system of knowledge, including initial concepts, rules for constructing statements and conclusions of derivative judgments, which, after the necessary discussion and confirmation, take the form of a universal belief. The methodology for developing unified prolegomena in the description of the modern educational space, stated in world socio-political philosophy and in the philosophy of education, meets similar criteria. This need requires clarifying how and in what way, with the help of (...) rational philosophical thought, it is possible and necessary to develop a methodology that unites the categorical apparatus of numerous educational systems.Methodology and sources. The description of the unified categorical foundations of the educational space is carried out in the ontological, epistemological and axiological content of the priorities represented by the modern educational space.Results and discussion. The methodology of globalism in social philosophy and in the philosophy of education is theoretically organized and hierarchized. In general, it includes the interests and needs, meanings and values of the subjects of knowledge. The discovery of fundamental guidelines in the ontological, epistemological and axiological priorities of philosophical and educational discourse in matters of building a global educational space necessitates a critical philosophical assessment of globalization theoretical and methodological approaches from the point of view of the socio-noospheric methodology of cognition. This is important when developing unified categorical frameworks for describing the educational space.Conclusion. The methodological potential of the philosophy of education as a humanistic basis for the development of humankind has high heuristic significance in the aspect of the dialectics of the media space with the possibilities of education integrated into it. A single categorical space, framed in the methodology of ontology, epistemology and axiology of education, in practical implementation is capable of being projected into the mass world perception and worldview, based on the in-depth development of the socio-noospheric methodology of the educational space. (shrink)

In contemporary scientific discourse, interest in memory problems has increased significantly. This trend, in our opinion, is due to a number of factors, among which one of the leading places is «democratization» of history. This process began to a large extent under the influence of a violent wave of emancipation of peoples and ethnic groups, which began at the end of the twentieth century. It actualized the need to rethink the past and revive a large part of the cultural heritage (...) of a number of ethnic and ethno-regional communities.Growth of attention to memory studios was facilitated by globalization. Itsliberal-oriented universalist intentions led to the erosion of the foundations of national identity without deprecating sociality as such. The fluidity and rapid change in social standards that have become a logical consequence of this process have shown the urgent need to find those ideological landmarks that can provide certainty at least on a daily basis. Here, a person feels the need for group consolidation, which is perceived directly through participation in social practices. Such practices reproduce the identity of the group and at the same time broadcast a historically formed and established system of group values. The revival of local forms of identity, which takes place under the influence of globalization in the conditions of the rapidity of social standards, can be regarded as a completely positive phenomenon. Meanwhile, in cases of politicization of collective memories, such local groups can significantly undermine the stable development of national states. The purpose of the study is to reveal the value of collective memories in the process of forming and preserving group identity.The task of the paper was to identify the universal foundations of human sociality and to reveal the importance of collective memories in the process of formation and preservation of group identity. Methods. The methodological basis of the study was the multidisciplinary approach, which was combined with the principles of objectivity and impartiality. The basic place in the process of scientific understanding of the role of memory in the process of formation and preservation of group identity was played by general scientific principles and methods, namely: the principles of historical and logical unity, objectivity, integrity and comprehensiveness. Also were used such general scientific methods as analysis and synthesis, induction, analogy, retrospective,comparison, etc. Along with the mentioned methods were widely used methods of cultural, social and categorical analysis, as well as the principles of philosophical hermeneutics. Results In the course of the study, M. Halbwachs’es implicit conclusion about the key role of collective memories in the process of formation of collective identity was refuted, some aspects of collective memory theory developed by him were specified. In particular, the provision on the decisive role of collective memory in the process of formation of group identity was revised and the importance of social friendship in the process of formation of the social community was shown, the persistence and moral significance of which is determined by common memories.Memories provide the appearance of images that become the status of collective identity symbols, which contain behavioral patterns and moral teachings for members of the community. Common memories can be transmitted through direct communication that covers a limited social space, or to be executed in a ritual and/or text. Due to rites or texts reinterpretations, a significant part of the memorization that is important for the collective identity can remain unchanged for a long time. (shrink)

One not only feels one’s body ‘from the inside’, but also has a sense of ownership over that body. This sense of body ownership can be compromised in illness and can also be experimentally induced, so that one feels artificial limbs to be one’s own. The convergence of the philosophical, experimental, and clinical literatures on the sense of body ownership has generated much excitement. It would appear that these disciplines are all studying the sense of body ownership. But when one (...) looks more carefully, it is unclear whether these diverse disciplines are trying to answer the same question. In this chapter, we introduce five different questions about the sense of body ownership—constitutive, phenomenological, causal, functional, and mereological questions—so as to get clear on what we are studying when we claim we are studying body ownership, and use these distinctions to draw morals for the current debate. (shrink)

1. Sŏron : wae Yugyo ŭi to rŭl yŏn'gu hanŭn'ga? -- 2. To ŭi myŏngch'ing kwa chŏngŭi -- 3. Chungguk Yugyo ŭi to -- 4. Chosŏn sidae yugyo to ŭi yŏksa -- 5. Kyŏllon : Chosŏn sidae Yugyo tohak kwa Yugyo munmyŏng.

The most ancient monuments of ancient Christian art were found in catacombs located outside the cities. The Christian catacombs were a complex plexus of underground narrow galleries with numerous niches where the coffins of martyrs and bishops were placed. These niches formed a kind of rectangular chambers, the walls and surfaces of which were decorated with images. Thus, early Christian art begins with catacomb paintings.

There is a question that has not been raised in the literature on Japan's regionalism: Why does it have a strong tendency toward making the boundary of the proposed East Asian community fluid? By looking back beyond the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere of the 1940s, a method hitherto untried, the paper shows that this Japanese propensity was also present in the first half of the twentieth century, especially in the 1920s and 1930s. Moreover, both then and now, Japan did (...) not and does not have a firm adherence to an ideology. These are two similarities between the pre-World War II period and the present (from the 1960s). On the other hand, Japan's present international situation is very different from its pre-World War II position. The paper uses the logic of the comparative method, which states that in two cases that are different in most aspects but the same in some, one or some of the similarities may explain the other similarity or similarities. It concludes that in both periods, the lack of a firm commitment to an ideology explains Japan's prejudice toward boundary fluidity. This explanation has the potential to contribute to a more comprehensive, if not yet a general theory of Japan's approach to regionalism because it applies not only to the present, but to the past as well. And it has to be stressed, the past refers not only to the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere of the 1940s but also to the decades before. (shrink)

The timing of the Japanese Government's acceptance of the United Nations multilateral treaties governing several environmental concerns indicates Japan's priorities: biodiversity, global warming, and depletion of the ozone layer. Banning transboundary movement of hazardous wastes is the least prioritized, as indicated by Japan's failure to accept the Ban Amendment to the Basel Convention. The Japanese Environment Agency's policy statements and budget allocations between 1985 and 2000, as well as other official statements and programs, likewise indicate the same priorities. Moreover, of (...) the three priorities, global warming is the top. (shrink)

The research examines the transformation of the artistic worldview of A.A. Blok from the aesthetics of symbolism and “pure art” to the acceptance of people’s truth and understanding of the need to express the aspirations of the people, clearly manifested in the revolutionary events of the early 20th century. It is shown that this happened largely under the influence of the late philosophical works of L.N. Tolstoy. The research proves that the key images of Blok’s work during the revolutionary period (...) go back to Tolstoy’s late literary works, primarily to the novel “Resurrection”. Tolstoy, in his last novel of the 19th century, exposed the inconsistency of the existing way of life and decisively destroyed the illusion of the possibility of a just structure of society outside the divine law of compassionate love. At the same time, Tolstoy recognized the need for a radical change in society, but understood this change not as a political act, not as a social transformation, but as a deep religious and moral upheaval that changed the entire way of life of the people. Following Tolstoy, Blok believes that this upheaval is completely analogous to the transformation of life that took place during the birth of Christianity and was caused by the advent of Jesus Christ. That is why the image of Christ and reflections on this image become important for Blok’s work of the revolutionary era. The New Christ, about whom Blok is thinking, must become the initiator, the “leader” of a religious upheaval, but only the people can be its driving force. This idea was expressed in the poem “The Twelve,” in the finale of which Jesus Christ walks at the head of a detachment of Red Army soldiers. In Blok’s work after 1905, the chamber and intimacy of his artistic space are finally overcome, the lyrical hero discovers a wide world full of drama and contradictions. The image of a suffering people walking along their Calvary path and ready for revolution becomes central to the poet’s work, and it is certainly inspired by images characteristic of Tolstoy’s late work. (shrink)

We codesigned and evaluated a brief intervention combining two fraction games: Fraction Ball (played on a basketball court) and Bottle Caps Bonanza (played on a tabletop shuffleboard). Using participatory design principles, we engaged teachers and students in codesigning playful learning experiences aimed at improving knowledge transfer and adding fractions with unlike denominators. Students were randomly assigned within seven treatment classrooms to practice fractions with different denominators on one board simultaneously (N = 87) versus practicing on separate boards sequentially (N = (...) 79). Three comparison classrooms (N = 75) only took the pretest and posttest. Our preregistered models suggested significant impacts on multiple aspects of fraction knowledge, including far transfer and overall fraction knowledge, when comparing both treatment groups to the comparison group. The simultaneous condition performed higher on untimed fraction addition with unequal denominators, though this difference was not statistically significant (b = 0.21, p =.05). Furthermore, students with higher prior knowledge benefited more from the simultaneous condition. We conclude that this playful and accessible intervention can effectively improve students’ fraction knowledge. (shrink)

The past decade has seen notable development of conceptual engineering – a field of analytical philosophy that focuses on the critical evaluation of concepts. Most authors engaged with this area identify Rudolf Carnap’s ideas as its methodological framework and theoretical origin, placing particular emphasis on the philosopher’s method of explication. This article highlights the unquestionable influence Carnap’s thought had on conceptual engineering whilst by no means reducing it to the utilisation and advancement of explication within this field of analytical philosophy: (...) indeed, conceptual engineering has incorporated – and brought to the forefront – much broader tenets of Carnap’s concept. This study draws on a series of the philosopher’s works, as well as his ‘Intellectual Autobiography’, to trace the evolution of his ideas about language and describe the fundamental elements revealing the ‘engineering perspective’ in his reflection. Most clearly, this perspective is evident in his interpretation of logic as a conceptual tool for acquiring and processing knowledge, ‘assembling’ it into a structure and refining the procedures of logic itself. It is shown that the origins of the engineering perspective trace back, on the one hand, to Carnap’s interest in the methodological framework of physics, particularly the measurement problem and its epistemological analysis, and, on the other, his fascination with interpretations of the nature of mathematical theory and the idea of unifying logicism and formalism by introducing the principle of tolerance, which adds a pragmatic dimension to methodology. The article examines in detail the idea of explication and its theoretical origins, which lie, in particular, in Carnap’s intention to exactify the notions expressing the degree of validity and probability. His idea of a link between the results of explication and its goal became the central principle of conceptual engineering, distinguishing it from mere conceptual analysis. It is concluded that, when considered together, Carnap’s two major ideas – explication and the principle of tolerance – can be placed in a broader context of a project seeking a rational reconstruction of the life of society and providing it with knowledge-based underpinnings. (shrink)

This contribution examines the status of the rhetoric of science in two contexts. The first one is the effect that the changing interpretation of logic (the changing 'image of logic') has had on the status of the rhetoric of science. The second is the role that imagery has in scientific discourse. It is argued that the very possibility of a rhetorical interpretation of science depends on how the logic of science is understood. Informal logic, which acts here as a variant (...) of argumentation theory or a logic of argumentation, is proposed as such a logic. This leads to a revision of the nature of justification in science in general, the substitution of apodictic logic for a logic of argumentation as a principal tool, and the consideration of strict formal ways of material implication-based justification as mere individual cases of a logic of argumentation. The role of imagery in scientific discourse is analysed. It is demonstrated that the situation of rhetoric and perception of imagery is paradoxical: although using rhetorical mechanisms in scientific communication is unavoidable, rhetoric has been criticised for many centuries. It is shown that the negative attitude to using rhetorical elements in scientific texts has long historical roots going back to ancient philosophical thought, namely, Socrates's criticism of eloquence and sophistic rhetoric. Analysis of the functions of imagery in scientific discourse suggests that imagery is an inalienable mechanism of both professional communication and the creation of theoretical models of knowledge. (shrink)

The study is devoted to the study of actual state of the archival materials of V.S. Solovyov which are held in different funds of Russia. During the working process was carried out the analysis of Solovyov’s related materials in a number of archives of Moscow and St. Petersburg. In the context of this topic, documents from such archive funds as: RGALI, GARF, TsAGM, OR RSL (Moscow), OR RNL, IRLI RAS, RGIA (St. Petersburg) were reviewed. Particular attention was paid to the (...) 1880s as the least researched period of philosopher’s work in his biography due to the insufficient availability of sources and to the restrictions of spiritual censorship in connection with the church-political content of Solovyov’s works of this period (“The Great Debate and Christian Politics”, 1883; “The History and Future of Theocracy”, 1887, etc.). In this regard, special attention was paid to the Solovyov funds in such archives as RGALI (F. 446) and OR RNB (F. 718). In the course of the study, many storage units were identified containing unsorted, draft materials, notebooks and notes of the philosopher, which need to be systematized and studied. The work carried out allows us to establish the scale and determine the priority areas of current research on the creative biography and philosophy of V.S. Solovyov based on the study of primary sources in the archives of Russia. (shrink)

The philosophy of Alexandr L. Sakketti (Saссhetti, 1881-1966) is still an understudied area. Researchers pay attention to his publication devoted to understanding the philosophy of law from the perspective of Marburg neo-Kantianism and to his translation works. Sakketti’s socio-philosophical ideas are beyond the scope of all studies. In this research we analyze Sakketti’s ideas concerning sociocultural development. Supporting G. Simmel’s view of society as a set of interactions of many people, Sakketti viewed law not only as a tool for ensuring (...) social order, but also as a necessary requirement for the creation of society. Through law a society is formed, and through the state it gains unity and becomes a collective social subject - the people. It was found out that the people is a collective social subject formed in the interaction between the folk (natural features of the social community) and the state (normative prescriptions of the social order). It is the people that plays a key role in socio-cultural development. It has been determined that determined that Sakketti proposed his own interpretation of the process of development of society and culture, distinguishing its three stages: natural, legal and moral. At the legal stage, the people are formed, and at the moral stage, they create culture. It was defined that he distinguished law and morality using the formula of minimum of morality. It is revealed that Sakketti proposed a new interpretation of law as a minimum of morality, different from the variants of G. Jellinek and V.S. Solov’ev. Morality evolves under the conditions of law: law allows a person to move from the natural state of existence to social being, to create social relations, the development and ramification of which will take place already at the stage of morality. Culture as a result of collective experience is formed in the moral interactions of a multitude of individuals. As a result, it is shown that Sakketti, thanks to his unique interpretation of the social role of law, was able to avoid sociological nominalism and universalism and to justify historism: to consider the development of society as a process of formation of culture, which is possible as a product of collective efforts due to the free acting of a multitude of individuals who constitute the people. (shrink)

Today’s information space poses new challenges to freedom of expression and freedom of speech associated with digital censorship, the spread of misinformation and algorithmic regulation of content. With society’s growing dependence on digital technologies, there is a need to rethink mechanisms for protecting freedom of expression, especially in the context of social security. The aim of this study is to analyse the philosophical foundations of freedom of expression in the digital age through the prism of T. Scanlon’s concept and to (...) assess the role of media education as a tool to promote the formation of a critically thinking society. The materials are based on contemporary research in philosophy, media education and digital technologies. The methodological basis is philosophical analysis, interdisciplinary approach and case studies related to the regulation of freedom of expression in the digital environment. The results of the study show that traditional legal measures to regulate information space are not always effective and may contradict the principle of individual autonomy. In contrast, the development of media literacy allows citizens to consciously perceive information and build their own communication strategy, reducing dependence on institutional and technical control mechanisms. In accordance with the basic features of the philosophical approach, the authors consider freedom of speech as not only a legal category, but also a fundamental principle that ensures the intellectual autonomy of the individual. The specificity of the study lies in the integration of the philosophical discourse on freedom of expression with the current challenges of the digital environment, which allows us to propose new approaches to ensuring social security without compromising democratic values. The study substantiates the need for a balance between protecting the information space and preserving the autonomy of individuals, emphasising that an effective regulatory strategy should include not only legal measures, but also educational initiatives that promote critical thinking and conscious interaction with media. (shrink)

The specific feature of P.I. Novgorodtsev’s philosophy of law is that it advocates the fundamental role of society along with the absolute value of the individual. However, the value side of social life is not always specifically thematized by him, although it logically follows from his general axiological attitudes. The social in the doctrine of russian philosopher receives a specific value meaning: firstly, society is a field of interaction between autonomous individuals, secondly, the prerequisites for the formation of society are (...) laid in the absolute value of the individual, thirdly, the social is a collective carrier of social values. The axiology of the social forms important consequences in the understanding of social unities, such as the nation and the state. The combination of the supranational ideal and national values proves to be the basis for Novgorodtsev’s balanced conception of the relation between the individual and the social. (shrink)